What can we measure in space?

What can we measure in space?
Space, also called outer space, is the astronomical term for what is outside the earths atmosphere. This differs from the universe, which is about everything in its entirety, while outer space is the "empty" space in general.

In space, we can measure numerous things.

The distance to stars and galaxies can be measured using these methods: Parallax method, hubble's law and using the brightness of a star.

The movement of stars and galaxies can be measured using these methods: Doppler effect(with colors).

The elemental composition of stars: The spectrum and what Spectral lines are present.

The surface temperature of stars: Planck curve and the color of the star. The spectrum(If there are many or few lines).